Initially, the unit functioned with a WHO consultant and a national counterpart, who, after further training in epidemiology, was appointed in 1961, as the Epidemiologist of the Department of Health Services. Common symptoms included fever (90.4%), fatigue (88.3%), loss of appetite (87.0%), headache (77.9%), joint pain (73.7%), vomiting (71.2%), and diarrhea (70.6%). Papers.ssrn.com DA: 15 PA: 16 MOZ Rank: 32. Select one of the following communicable diseases that has had an outbreak across international borders: • influenza • measles • respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1. 2. According to a World Health Organization report, the epidemiological features of Ebola virus disease (EVD) have changed significantly in West Africa. Introduction. Thank you for resubmitting your work entitled "Epidemiological and ecological determinants of Zika virus transmission in an urban setting" for further consideration at eLife. The West Africa Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in 2014–2016 was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) a public health emergency of international concern. Democratic Republic of Congo. Discuss the route of transmission of the selected disease. Kaisar Rahman , a, e Shafayat Zamil , d Josefina Abedin , a, e Otun Saha , f and Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan d Ebola Virus Disease: A Biological and Epidemiological Perspective of a Virulent Virus Wambani RJ 1, Ogola PE 2, Arika WM , Rachuonyo HO 3 and Burugu MW2 1Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya 2Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya 3Department of Microbiology, Kenyatta University School of Pure and … 3 Discuss how an outbreak of the selected disease would impact your community at a systems level (e.g., the functioning of schools, local government, businesses, hospitals). Since the conclusion of the West African epidemic, the Zaire species has been responsible for several additional outbreaks in the DRC and one in Guinea. As of 26 September 2014, the outbreak affected 5 of the 6 existing health districts in Lofa. RESULTS. Socio-cultural factors have not only contributed significantly to Ebola spread, but have also complicated the implementation of control interventions. These antibodies deter the virus from spreading and help to clear it from the body. The most commonly reported signs and symptoms during the first visit to an ETC were fever (96%), fatigue (96%), and anorexia (86%). Nature 2021 Jan 27;151. Although observed modes of transmission mainly include direct contact and contaminated staff, high case fatality ratio and frequent contacts among individuals in developed countries are among determinants which may lead to the development of the EVD outbreak. The median age of persons with EVD was 30 years (lower and upper quartiles 20 and 45 years, respectively); 283 (21%) infected persons were < 18 years of age, and 671 (50%) were female. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of Ebola virus disease will be presented here. People can get EVD through direct contact with an infected animal (bat or nonhuman primate) or a sick or dead person infected with Ebola … 3. Why since 2009, Egypt had the highest ... Ebola Haemorrhagic fever Uganda [1(1), 100%) ] 2 May 2018. Introduction Due to the close relationship between EVD and nutrition, the humanitarian community implemented various nutrition-specific and -sensitive interventions to stem the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa. Ebola virus is one of at least 30 known viruses capable of causing viral hemorrhagic fever syndrome. Background: The Ebola outbreak is a deadly disease of the African population which has captured the interest of the global community. Dynamics of maternal immunity: evolutionary determinants and epidemiological consequences. Ebola Zaire species variant Makona between its emergence in December 2013 and April 2016, resulted in an epidemic of Guinea importance and unprecedented gravity with 3814 reported cases of which 3358 were confirmed (88.0%) and 2544 were died (66.7%). Epidemiological. Epidemiological Transition 1. ZIka Epidemiological Report - Mexico. Many of these symptoms are also present with other more common diseases, such as malaria and typhoid fever. and frequent contacts among individuals in developed countries are among determinants which may lead to the development of the EVD outbreak. Assessing anxiety, depression and insomnia symptoms among Ebola survivors in Africa: a meta-analysis. Welcome to Nursing Writing Services. 1, 2 The disease was first discovered in Sierra Leone in the 1950s, but the aetiological agent was first isolated after an outbreak of the disease in a village called Lassa in Borno State, Nigeria claiming the lives of two foreign missionary nurses in 1969. Abu Sayeed , a, c, e Md. Epidemiological Situation. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Ebola virus disease are discussed elsewhere. ZIka Epidemiological Report - Ecuador. Discuss the route of transmission of the selected disease. The epidemiological profile of the outbreak that majorly affected two States in the country in terms of person, place and time characteristics of the cases identified is hereby described. Apes, humans, and possibly other mammalian species susceptible to Ebola infection are regarded as the end hosts, and not as the reservoirs of infection. We are the most trusted nursing and medical writing services across all educational and professional levels. The Epidemiological Alerts are released in order to provide information about the occurrence of international public health events which have implications or could have implications for the countries and territories of the Americas; as well as recommendations issued by the Pan American Health Organization. 1. Key words: Ebola virus infection, spread, risk factor, determinants, chain of infection, source, trans-mission, replication number. In particular, the Prior to the ongoing outbreak, Ebola … Viral and epidemiologic data suggest that Ebola virus existed long before these recorded outbreaks occurred. Background: The Ebola outbreak is a deadly disease of the African population which has captured the interest of the global community. However, the nature of the impact sexual transmission from convalescent survivors may have on disease dynamics remains unknown. The Ebola outbreak demonstrated the lack of international capacity to respond to a severe, sustained, and geographically dispersed public health crisis. Analyze the EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS of the outbreak. The classical epidemiological triangle of host-agent-environment describes how individuals become ill. The first cases occurred in December 2013. The spread of Ebola and the intercontinental transmission of the disease exposed weaknesses in our epidemiological defense system. In this study, we report the trends in morbidity, mortality, and determinants of patient survival as EVD spread into Bong County, Liberia. Like the clinical findings and pathology, the epidemiology of a disease is an integral part of its basic description. The current Ebola outbreak is a dramatic example of how policy and social determinants of health intersect to impact population health worldwide. Factors like population growth, encroachment into forested areas, and direct interaction with wildlife (such as bushmeat consumption) may have contributed to … The structured framework allows us to probe, with specific reference to Ebola, how household size and the balance of transmission between and within households influence epidemic risk, understand the divergence from the epidemiological dynamics generated by conventional unstructured models (effectively households of size 1), and examine how community composition modulates the impact of … Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, April–May, 2018: an epidemiological study. Methods . The Ebola virus was first identified in humans in southern Sudan in 1976 [5], but likely occurred as early as 1972 in Tandala, DRC [6]. Ebola outbreak: the Epidemiologic Triangle – informational text What is Epidemiology? MinION was utilized for on-site genomic epidemiological analysis of the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa in 2016 (Quick et al., 2016) and the Zika virus outbreak in … Simulation was done in Spatiotemporal Epidemiological Modeler (STEM). Symptoms of Ebola virus disease include fever, severe headache, muscle pain, weakness, fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal (stomach) pain, and, in some cases, unexplained hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising). Approach, Surveillance and Health Informatics By: Rabiu Hassan Musa EPIDEMIOLOGY Definition Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in a specified populations and the application of this study to control the health problems. Analyze the epidemiological determinants and risk factors associated with the outbreak. 2. Analyze the epidemiological determinants and risk factors associated with the outbreak. A recent study has estimated 22 million people distributed in areas of Central and West Africa to be at risk of Ebola [ 19 ]. Ebola is characterized by a high case fatality ratio which was nearly 90% in a past outbreak [ 20 ]. In July 2014, an outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) started in Pujehun district, Sierra Leone. 2 May 2018. Studies relating to previous outbreaks usually involved small sample sizes. The 2014 Ebola Virus Disease epidemic is the largest in history, affecting the United States, Central and West Africa. Methods . Epidemiological information is used to plan and evaluate strategies to prevent illness and as a guide to the management of patients in whom disease has already developed. For many infections, some infected individuals transmit to disproportionately more susceptibles than others, a phenomenon referred to as “superspreading.” Understanding superspreading can facilitate devising individually targeted control measures, which may outperform population-level measures. The Ebola virus has been found in African chimps, monkeys, and other primates. The ongoing Ebola virus outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has similar epidemiological features to previous Ebola virus disease outbreaks. Individual superspreading events may give a … wgu c228 task 2 ebola Community Health And Population Wgu C228 Essay wgu c228 sample paper task 2 c228 task 2 epidemiological determinants epidemiological determinants of ebola . In this study, the new epidemiological features and prevalence trends for EVD in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone are described. A geospatial epidemiological model was simulated to estimate the spread of Ebola virus disease after a hypothetical outbreak in India. Lancet. 4. It has only been recorded in low-income countries of sub-Saharan African countries, particularly in West Africa, where the poverty level is high and the environmental sanitation is very poor. It was predicted that the Ebola outbreak would end in June 2015. The 2013–2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak recorded the highest incidence and mortality since the discovery of the virus in Zaire in 1976; with more than 28,000 probable and confirmed EVD cases and 11,000 deaths. Ebola Virus Epidemiology. Ebola hemorrhagic fever is considered a classic zoonotic disease with persistence of the Ebola virus in a reservoir species. The exact source of Ebola infections remains an open question, and despite all the efforts, we still lack clear indicators about the reservoir of the virus. As each country must strengthen their ... Epidemiological determinants of clade-speci c growth The growth di erence between early clades may be due to transient epidemiological e ects, such as superspreading [1,12], or be associated with environmental factors. Introduction. It is believed that the virus is transmitted to humans from an infected animal through its bodily fluids; if anyone butchers or eats an infected animal, the disease can spread to humans, who can then trasmit the disease via their bodily fluids. The COVID-19 pandemic is the largest public health crisis in more than a century and it spread across the world in a matter of weeks. It was a simulation study based on SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered) compartmental model. ZIka Epidemiological Report - Guadeloupe. The general epidemiological picture of human cases of infection with influenza A(H5N1) ... and determinants of virulence of human infections with avian H5N1 influenza viruses in Egypt. The outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) continues to spread through West Africa. 2018;392:213–21. 22 March 2014: The Ministry of Health in Guinea notified WHO about a rapidly evolving outbreak of Ebola viral disease (EVD) [1]. Zika Epidemiological Report - French Guiana. The Epidemiological Updates are released as new information becomes available … Taking the Covid-19 and Ebola crises as examples, the primary objective is to show how innovation in health is oriented towards a techno-economic paradigm. The virus was first discovered in 1976 following outbreaks in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. METHODS: Using field investigation technique, all confirmed and probable cases were identified, line-listed and analysed using Microsoft Excel 2007 by persons, time and place. Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is the international health emergency paradigm due to its epidemiological presentation pattern, impact on public health, resources necessary for its control, and need for a national and international response. Second, we propose a repositioning of public health innovation towards a social paradigm that will put more emphasis on the interaction between social and health dimensions in the perspective of social change. DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE 3 Ebola is transmitted from one person to another when the infected person becomes symptomatic. From the inception, the Ebola response was misguided, with the major emphasis on clinical care and treatment, and peripheral attention given to epidemiological strategies and support. Responding to ever-changing epidemiological dynamics of Ebola virus disease. INTRODUCTION Governments and their partners, including WHO, were overwhelmed by unprecedented demands driven by culture and geography as well as logistical challenges. Early detection, rapid patient isolation, contact tracing, and the ongoing vaccination programme should sufficiently control the outbreak. The death rate varies from one outbreak to the next and frome the viral species, fluctuating between 30 and 90%. AU - Adams, Ben. It is thought that fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus hosts. The 2013–2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak recorded the highest incidence and mortality since the discovery of the virus in Zaire in 1976; with more than 28,000 probable and confirmed EVD cases and 11,000 deaths. It was a simulation study based on SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered) compartmental model. The Ebola Outbreak Epidemiology Team. Epidemiological transition. C228 task 2 epidemiological determinants The need for a follow-up to the 2015 analysis was identified and a review was undertaken in Kazakhstan on 21–25 August 2017. WHO assisted national experts in reviewing the TB epidemiological situation and assessing the performance of the surveillance system using a set of standards and benchmarks (1). The Ebola virus is a fatal and very serious condition that affects human and non-human primates. Article Google Scholar 5. This change in this epidemiological profile has mainly consisted of a significant increase in the geographical extent of the outbreaks and the population at risk, as well as a significant decrease in the outbreaks case fatality rate. PLoS One 2021 (published online Feb 5) View at PLoS One. Although a considerable amount of effort has been put into identifying the natural reservoirs with every large outbreak of the disease, potential hosts or arthropod vectors for the Ebola virus have not been found. It must be an outbreak that has crossed international borders. T1 - Household demographic determinants of Ebola epidemic risk. Demographical and epidemiological data as well as Ebola laboratory results were recorded using Microsoft Excel software for analysis. There has been a change in the epidemiological profile of the Ebola outbreaks during the period from 1976 through 2019. The unprecedented scale of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa has, as of 29 April 2015, resulted in more than 10,884 deaths among 26,277 cases. Since the first report of EVD in March 2014, the number of cases has increased rapidly, with the fatality rate of >50%. Simulation was done in Spatiotemporal Epidemiological Modeler (STEM). Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, Most of the previous studies done in Sierra Leone relating to the clinical and epidemiological features of EVD during the 2014–2016 West African outbreak focused on adult EVD patients. RESEARCH Open Access Determinants of patient survival during the 2014 Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Bong County, Liberia Thomas A. Weppelmann1,2*†, Bangure Donewell3†, Ubydul Haque2,4†, Wenbiao Hu5, Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes6,7, Mutaawe Lubogo3, Lucas Godbless3, Sasita Shabani3, Justin Maeda3, Herilinda Temba3, Theophil C. Malibiche3, Naod Berhanu3, Wenyi Zhang8 and Luke Bawo9 On numerous occasions in the three West African countries most affected by the recent Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak – Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea – violence erupted, ranging from incidents of rocks thrown at Red Cross vehicles to a massacre leaving eight dead at Macenta. The health of populations depends on many different factors. Since then, this number has risen to more than 10,000 deaths. A geospatial epidemiological model was simulated to estimate the spread of Ebola virus disease after a hypothetical outbreak in India. Social Determinants of Health and Their Contribution to the Ebola Development The quality of life of the population and the conditions in which the urban and rural infrastructure is mainly located determine a sanitary and epidemiological situation in any country. The unprecedented size of the 2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa has allowed for a more extensive characterization of the clinical presentation and management of this disease. Scientists continue to search for conclusive evidence of the bat’s role in transmission of Ebola. 1 The most recent Ebola virus to be detected, Bombali virus, was identified in samples from bats collected in Sierra Leone. 2 Since its discovery in 1976, the majority of cases and outbreaks of Ebola Virus Disease have occurred in Africa. Lassa fever (LF) is a severe acute viral hemorrhagic illness caused by a virus belonging to the family Arenaviridae. The recent (2014) outbreak in West Africa is the largest outbreak to date, with 1229 people reported to have died at the time of publication (August 2014). Specifically, cultural practices involving touching the body of the deceased naturally (and greatly) contribute to the dissemination of the Ebola virus [59]. Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong Christl A Donnelly, Azra C Ghani, Gabriel M Leung, Anthony J Hedley, Christophe Fraser, Steven Riley, Laith J Abu-Raddad, Lai-Ming Ho, Thuan-Quoc Thach, Patsy Chau, King-Pan Chan, Tai-Hing Lam, Lai-Yin Tse, Thomas Tsang, Introduction. Adaken C, Scott JT, Sharma R, et al. Individual superspreading events may give a … Bats and rodents have been considered as potential reservoir sp… Epidemiology is a discipline that has a crucial role in describing health status, identifying risk factors, and analyzing relationships between health and different hazardous agents. In past Ebola virus outbreaks, strict measures to identify and isolate cases quickly, trace their contacts, and 1 St. Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan. 1. 3. The most prevalent Ebola virus belongs to the species of Zaire ebolavirus, with a fatality rate as high as 90%. The Ebola virus causes high fever and bleeding that can often prove fatal. The Ebola Zaire virus is the most lethal with an overall estimated CFR ranging from 69 to 88% 2,5,25,38,43,49,50 (Table 3 (available online only)). Little, however, is known about stakeholder and community members’ perspectives toward this response in Guinea. You are asked to choose ONE of the following communicable diseases to … Analyze the epidemiological determinants and risk factors associated with the outbreak. Bats are believed to be the natural reservoir of the Ebola virus and the viral species. Assessment of basic reproduction number (R 0), spatial and temporal epidemiological determinants, and genetic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh Ariful Islam , a, b, ⁎ Md. 2. And it does also focus on interaction between these patterns, which are further confounded by demographic, economic, and sociological determinants and consequences. Diagram showing sharp birth rate and death rate decreases between Time 1 and Time 4, the congruent increase in population caused by delayed birth rate decreases, and the subsequent re-leveling of population growth by Time 5. It also drew attention to the powerful role that cultural beliefs and practices can have on disease transmission during outbreaks. Ebola virus antibody decay–stimulation in a high proportion of survivors. Ebola in Africa. The West African Ebola virus outbreak is the largest EVD epidemic on record and has spread to multiple countries. In this study we are set to identify those sociodemographic and clinical features … Your revised article has been favorably evaluated by Prabhat Jha (Senior Editor) and three reviewers, one of whom is a member of our Board of Reviewing Editors. In vertebrates, newborns usually lack a fully functional immune system and their anti-parasite defenses rely on passive immunity that mothers can transfer pre- and/or post-natally. In response to the virus, the body is involved in the production of antibodies; protein workforces that ensures the immune system of the body. N2 - A salient characteristic of Ebola, and some other infectious diseases such as Tuberculosis, is intense transmission among small groups of cohabitants and relatively limited indiscriminate transmission in the wider population. Epidemiological determinants of clade-speci c growth The growth di erence between early clades may be due to transient epidemiological e ects, such as superspreading [1,12], or be associated with environmental factors. In this task, you will analyze a recent global outbreak of a communicable disease. Ebola hemorrhagic fever is an emerging zoonotic viral disease that historically has occurred in rural areas of Central Africa, with isolated cases identified elsewhere (Figure 1, Table 1). The pace and fatality rate of the disease requires a ‘global intervention’, with public health strategies to halt transmission and prevent further outbreaks at the source. In this study we are set to identify those sociodemographic and clinical features … Discuss how an outbreak of the selected disease would impact your community at a systems level (e.g., the functioning of schools, local government, businesses, hospitals). Eleven epidemiological fallacies in COVID-19. Ebola Virus Disease Data Management and Surveillance System in Sierra Leone Author Summary Researchers have recently raised suspicion that the Ebola virus can be transmitted sexually from survivors after recovering from the life-threatening acute phase characteristic of Ebola virus disease (EVD). 2 May 2018. The theory of epidemiological transition focuses on the complex change in patterns of health and disease. The Epidemiology Unit was established in 1959 with assistance from World Health Organization (WHO) to strengthen surveillance of communicable diseases. Ebola Virus Disease in the Light of Epidemiological Triad . Yuki Maehira 1, Yohei Kurosaki 2, Tomoya Saito 3, Jiro Yasuda 2, Masayoshi Tarui 4, Denis J M Malvy 5, Tsutomu Takeuchi 1. The Epidemiologic Transition 1 ... of life with Health transition man-made ageing & persistent Determinants of Changing patterns of: ... (IPDs) Ebola Multi-drug resistant TB Malaria Meningitis New forms of cholera 14 15. PY - 2016/3/7. Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong Christl A Donnelly, Azra C Ghani, Gabriel M Leung, Anthony J Hedley, Christophe Fraser, Steven Riley, Laith J Abu-Raddad, Lai-Ming Ho, Thuan-Quoc Thach, Patsy Chau, King-Pan Chan, Tai-Hing Lam, Lai-Yin Tse, Thomas Tsang, C228 task 2 epidemiological determinants. On January 10th, 2015, the district was the first to be declared Ebola-free by local authorities after 49 cases and a case fatality rate of 85.7 %. The pace and fatality rate of the disease requires a ‘global intervention’, with public health strategies to halt transmission and prevent further outbreaks at the source. Superspreading has been described for a recent Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak, but … Ebola Viral Disease (EVD) is a fatal hemorrhagic disease of Public health importance caused by Ebola virus. Infection with the Ebola virus in Africa has occurred through the handling of infected gorillas, chimpanzees, monkeys, fruit bats, forest antelopes, and porcupines. 4. 2 May 2018. Y1 - 2016/3/7. Zika Epidemiological Report - Guyana. Abstract. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe and most often fatal disease in humans, with an average fatality rate of 78%.
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